| Period |
The Role of Animal Experimentation in Medicine |
Social Background |
1800
～1900
|
The Century of Science and Medicine
Treatment of Smallpox (1796, England, Jenner)
Development of Disinfectants
Introduction to Experimental Medicine
(France, Bernard)
Histopathology of Cancer
(Germany, Virchow)
Discovery of Anthrax Bacillus and Tuberculosis Bacillus
(1876, Germany, Koch)
Rabies Vaccine
(1885, France, Pasteur)
|
Industrial Revolution (began in Britain in the 1760s)
American Revolutionary War (1776), French Revolution (1789)
Crimean War (1853), Nightingale (England)
Meiji Restoration (Japan, 1867)
Cruelty to Animals Act (England, 1876)
Kanehiro Takagi
(studied in England, 1875)
|
1900
～1945
|
Medicine During the World Wars
Cardiac Catheterization Techniques (dogs, rabbits)
Discovery of Insulin (dogs)
Development of Modern Anesthesia (dogs)
Development of Antibiotics (many animal species)
|
Establishment of the Nobel Prize
Outbreak of World War I (1914–1918)
Development of the Electron Microscope
(1939)
End of World War II (1940–1945)
|
1946
～1975
|
Medicine After the World Wars
Discovery of DNA
(1953)
Prevention of Polio (monkeys)
Development of Cardiac Surgery Techniques (dogs)
Development of Cancer Chemotherapy (monkeys, rabbits, rodents)
Prevention of Rubella (monkeys)
|
Russell & Burch
The Principle of the 3Rs
(1959)
Silent Spring
(1962)
Beginning of the Vietnam War (1964)
Animal Welfare Act (USA)
(1966)
Animal Liberation (Peter Singer)
Emergence of ALF (England)
End of the Vietnam War (1975)
|
1976
～Present
|
Modern Medicine
Declaration of Smallpox Eradication (1980)
Identification of HIV (1981)
Discovery of H. pylori
(1983)
Emergence of BSE (Mad Cow Disease)
(1986)
Birth of Dolly the Cloned Sheep
(1997)
Determination of the Mouse Genome Sequence
(2002)
Determination of the Human Genome Sequence
(2003)
Emergence of SARS
(2003)
Development of iPS Cells
(2006)
|
Standards for Laboratory Animals (1980)
CIOMS Principles
(1985)
Amended Animal Welfare Act (USA, 1985)
Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (UK, 1986)
Animal Experimentation at Universities and Other Institutions
(Japan, 1986)
Swiss National Referendum
(1998)
Recognition of Animal Rights in the German Constitution
(2002)
|