• 1822: Martin's Act (mainly regulating cruelty toward cattle and horses)
  
  
• The ideas of Bentham (1748?1832)
  
  
  • Pain is the greatest enemy of morality.
    
    
  • Animals also possess senses and are capable of feeling pain, therefore they have the right to be treated morally.
    
    
  • Those rights should be protected by law.
    
    
• 1853: Queen Victoria underwent painless childbirth using chloroform.
  
  
• 1876: The Protection of Animals Act was enacted �@�@�@�@�@�@ (regulating animal experimentation)
  
  
  • It originated from unanesthetized surgery on horses at veterinary schools in France.
    
    
  • One of the background influences was Darwin's theory of evolution (1859), which suggested that humans were not supernatural beings but direct descendants of animals.
    
    
• 1986: Current law enacted ? Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (clarifying definitions concerning pain and experiments)
  
  
• Since the enactment of the Protection of Animals Act, more than 65 laws and regulations have been established.