• In a stable domestic society, the cottage industry developed into large-scale factories equipped with machines and many workers.
  
  
• Beginning in England around 1760, it spread to the countries of Western Europe by around 1840.

Changes in agricultural systems caused agricultural workers to move into cities. Importation of raw materials from colonies (cotton from America and India). Invention of the steam engine (Watt and others) and the automatic loom.

Mass production of cotton textiles

• Development of bleaching powder for whitening cotton textiles.
  
  
  • Discovery of chlorine (1774, Swedish pharmacist Scheele), and discovery of its bleaching properties (1785, French chemist Berthollet).
    
    
  • Development of bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite) (1799, England, Charles Tennant).
    
    
  • Its disinfectant effect was discovered and it was used to prevent puerperal fever (1847, Hungarian obstetrician Semmelweis).
    
    
  
  
  
• Development of synthetic dyes for coloring cotton textiles.
  
  
  • In 1834, Runge obtained aniline (a synthetic dye) and carbolic acid from coal tar, a by-product of iron manufacturing.
    
    
  • Disinfectant effect of carbolic acid (1867, Lister published in The Lancet; used as an antiseptic for surgery on compound fractures).
    
    
  • Synthetic dyes
    
    
    • Aniline Purple (1856, England, Perkin) ... Purple was the color of royalty (9,000 Mediterranean shellfish were needed to produce 1 g of the dye).
      Originally, he had been trying to synthesize quinine, an effective treatment for malaria.
      The antimalarial drug chloroquine was synthesized in 1934.
      
      
    • Alizarin Red (1869, Germany, Graebe and Liebermann) ... Alizarin (red), extracted from the roots of madder plants, was used for mummy bandages.
      
      
    • Indigo Blue (1880, Germany, Baeyer) ... Indigo dye used for blue jeans.